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Purpose@#Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has evolved as a first-line therapeutic option for carotid revascularization in indicated patients for stroke prevention, but there is still a lack of data on its effect on cognitive function (CF), especially among Indian patients. To determine the effect of CAS on CF and to study the immediate and delayed complications of CAS in Indian patients. @*Materials and Methods@#This was a prospective, observational, single-center study. CF was assessed using Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination version III (ACE) before and 3 months after stenting. The demographic and clinical parameters were also assessed. A follow-up evaluation after 3 months was done to compare CF and to observe the occurrence of any complications. @*Results@#Out of 31 patients, 3 were lost to follow up. There were no immediate or delayed procedure-related complications. There was a statistically significant improvement in overall ACE score and memory before and after stenting. On subgroup analysis of those with and without strokes, there was a significant improvement in visuospatial function and mean ACE score. Those with left CAS had significant improvement in memory, visuospatial, language, and ACE scores than right CAS. @*Conclusion@#CAS was associated with significant improvement in CF in patients.
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Introduction: Occipital condyles are two bony elevations present on either side of foramen magnum in the baseof the skull which articulates with the superior articular facet of the atlas vertebra, connecting the skull with thevertebral column.Objectives: Morphometric analysis of occipital condyles is important for the neuro-surgeons operating for thepathology like degenerative changes of the condyles, neoplasms, and trauma. So the aim of the study wasmorphometric analysis of the occipital condyles and observe any morphological variations of it.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 occipital condyles of 30 dry adult skulls. Length,breadth, height, intercondylar distance were measured. Relations of hypoglossal canal with the condyles werenoted.Results: The mean length, width and height of occipital condyle were found to be 1.99± 0.33 (right), 2.23 ± 0.33(left), 1.31± 0.28(right) 1.37±0.27 (left), 0.62± 0.17(right) and 0.62± 0.14cm (left), respectively. The mean anteriorintercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance were measured as 1.95± 0.34and 3.66± 0.28 cm,respectively. Variations of shape of occipital condyle were kidney like (30%), S-like (23.33%), triangular (16.67%)oval (10.0%), eight like (16.7%) and bipartite condyles (3.33%) respectively. The hypoglossal canal was presentrelated to anterior 1/3 of the occipital condyles in 73.33% case.Conclusions: The shape and morphometric values of occipital condyles are variable. So the knowledge of thesevariations may guide neurosurgeons in transcondylar approach in the management of neoplasms and otherpathology related to this region.
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Prions are unprecedented infectious pathogens that cause a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease by an entirely novel mechanism. The conformational change in prion proteins results in a change from a predominantly á-helical protein to a beta-sheet form, which causes scrapie in sheep and goat. The present study was carried out to identify polymorphisms of the prion protein gene [PrP] at the codons [136, 154 and 171] responsible for the susceptibility and resistance of the scrapie disease in the sheep. The ARQ is the most frequent allele which is less susceptible, but may get scrapie. The highly sensitive VRQ and resistant ARR alleles were not present in the M and ya sheep. Genotype ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ, and AHQ/AHQ were found in the analyzed population with 40.00, 40.00 and 20.00% respectively, showing little resistance to scrapie and require careful selection when used for breeding. Six groups [variants] were found in SSCP [single-str and conformation polymorphism] i.e., out of each group one sample was sequenced. Sequencing [accession No. KF207876-79] of samples allowed the identification of 5 other new polymorphisms on PrP gene at codon positions 98[S/R], 147[D/E], 175[Q/R], 184[N/H] and 189[Q/L]. Absence of ARR allele in the M and ya sheep should be taken into considerationfor the implementation of a preventive selection programme to avoid erosion of the genetic stock. Key words: Scrapie, Allele, PrP gene, Single nucleotide polymorphism, Sheep
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The effect of lead, a heavy metal, was found to have clastogenic effects on Clarias batrachus. Chromosomal studies on the fish indicated that the 2n numbers of chromosomes were 50 [18 metacentric, 20 submetacentric and 12 telocentric]. The effects of lead on the catfishes were investigated by constituting four different groups [n=16]. Group A: Control, Group B: 0.010 ppm of Pb [Treatment I], Group C: 0.025 ppm of Pb, [Treatment II], Group D: 0.050 ppm of Pb [Treatment III]. The exposure period was 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr for each group. Chromosomal aberrations were observed in the form of ring chromosomes, breakage of chromosomes, dicentric chromosomes and fragments of chromosomes. The highest percentage of metaphase spreads with chromosomal aberrations observed were 78.3 in Treatment I during 24 hr exposure of Pb. Chromosomal aberrations were highest in the form of ring type chromosomes [63.0%] in Treatment I during 48 hr exposure period. Breakage in chromosomes were maximum [57.1%] in Treatment II during 72 hr of exposure period. Maximum numbers of dicentric chromosomes [52.9%] were observed in Treatment I during 72 hr of lead exposure. Finally, the fragmented chromosomes were observed to the maximum [45.2%] after 24 hr of lead exposure in Treatment III. The studies indicated that exposure of lead at different concentrations causes clastogenic effects on the chromosomal complements of C. batrachus and the maximum abnormalities were manifestated in the form of ring chromosomes [63.0%]
Subject(s)
Cytogenetic Analysis , Catfishes/genetics , Chromosome Aberrations , Ring Chromosomes , Chromosome BreakageABSTRACT
An unusual case of foreign body in the larynx is presented. The child presented with dysphagia to solids and semisolids, hoarseness and slight cough as the early syptoms. Dysponea was completely absent. Routine plain skiagram revealed an endolaryngeal metal wire spring from a ball point pen which was removed by direct laryngoscopy and resulted in prompt receovery